We propose to carry out a large field trial in The Gambia, West Africa, to find out whether there is any additional benefit of spraying homes with DDT in addition to the normal practice of getting everyone to sleep under bednets impregnated with long-lasting insecticides. The study will have two groups of villages: one with only treated nets and the other with both treated nets and DDT spraying. We will measure how effective the interventions are by sampling mosquitoes in the houses and measuring malaria in study children in both sets of villages. Importantly we will determine whether the vectors are likely to become resistant to the insecticides used and we will be able to determine how much it will cost to prevent cases of malaria using the DDT. This study is important since many Afircan countries, including The Gambia, are either spraying houses with DDT at present or intend to do so in the near future.

Empathy – sharing and understanding others’ emotions and thoughts – is a defining feature of what it means to be human. However, we lack knowledge about the origins of empathy and to what extent its sub-components reflect species and cultural universals. Studying infants and great apes enables us to identify the developmental and evolutionary origins of empathy and the extent of its human uniqueness. Until now, it has largely been assumed that infants and great apes lack the capacity for empathy. However, this claim may reflect a lack of adequate methodologies and research attention, leaving infant and great ape empathy underestimated. Now, combining novel techniques to investigate empathy comparatively (thermal-imaging, pupillometry and eye-tracking) with longitudinal observations and innovative experiments, EMPORIGIN will overcome this issue to provide the first comparative investigation of empathy development in humans and bonobos, our closest living relatives. Rich datasets on bonobo (wild and semi-captive) infant development and caregiver interactions will be compared to those from human infants in two small-scale, traditional societies – Vanuatu and Samoa. Both societies show distributed-caregiving but vary in societal structure and emotional expressivity. Using a cross-species and cross-cultural approach, EMPORIGIN will deliver step-change insights into empathy development that go far beyond the State-of-the-Art. We will test the hypothesis that humans and bonobos share a core capacity for empathy, but humans diverge in a greater motivation to ameliorate others’ emotional states and a capacity for reciprocal emotional exchange. These capacities could lead to a cascade of human-unique forms of sharing and co-operation. Combining approaches across biology, psychology, ethology and anthropology, EMPORIGIN will advance our understanding of the origins of empathy, one of our most remarkable capacities, and challenge current perspectives about its human uniqueness.

Cultural evolutionary theory is quickly gaining traction as a unifying framework for the social sciences. However, research into culture acquisition paints a picture of children as vessels for inheriting evolved culture from adults, rather than cultural producers in their own right. ChACE aims to overturn this long-established orthodoxy by taking child and adolescent peer cultures as a focal point. Neglected by cultural evolutionary theorists, peer cultures are incredibly well conserved across generations despite threats to social transmission inexistent in adult cultures, challenging our understanding of how cultures are maintained and changed across generations. By intensively studying children’s peer cultures, ChACE thus stands to discover novel causal mechanisms for cultural evolution. ChACE specifically advances two ground-breaking hypotheses built upon firm theoretical and empirical foundations in folklore, cultural evolution, human life history, and cognitive development: (1) Peer cultures evidence distinct cultural evolutionary mechanisms from adult cultures; (2) Knowledge produced as part of peer cultures helps communities adapt to social and ecological change. ChACE will develop a robust and transferable methodology to jumpstart the study of peer cultures. Reflecting best-practice workflows for causal analysis, ChACE will first build ethnographically informed agent-based models to derive testable and falsifiable predictions. These will be empirically evaluated via experiments, observations, surveys, and interviews with children and adolescents aged 4-16 years, and their caregivers, at four globally representative field sites undergoing rapid culture change: the Likouala (Republic of the Congo), the Omo Valley (Ethiopia), Toledo (Belize), and County Durham (U.K.). In doing so, ChACE will initiate a disciplinary course correction by driving forward an explicit and holistic account of children’s adaptive contributions to culture change.

Native chemical ligation (NCL) is a chemical reaction which is critical in the synthesis of proteins. It has enabled chemists to prepare highly potent peptide-based pharmaceuticals for a range of diseases. Despite its ubiquity, aspects of the reaction's mechanism are still debated, so brute-force reaction screening is commonly employed, which is an expensive and time-consuming process. We will use a quantitative, combined synthetic-kinetic approach to elucidate the mechanism for NCL across a range of amino acids. Using this insight, we aim to understand current limitations and drawbacks of NCL in order to deliver better and more efficient synthetic procedures.