How can we explain that the publication of The Sorrows of Young Werther triggered a wave of suicides among European readers, or that the release of The Birth of a Nation resurrected a dying Ku Klux Klan? If fiction sometimes influences reality, is it not because reality itself is, at least in part, fictional in nature? The central issue of this project is the performativity of illusory representations. On the one hand, it implies questioning the propensity of human beings to delude themselves and to tell (themselves) stories, that is to say, to make up fictions at the same time as they perceive and describe what they call "reality". On the other hand, the omnipresence of these illusory representations implies that we also study their real effects on human thought and behaviour, based on the mere fact that they are believed and disseminated. In this way, I intend to develop a new philosophical anthropology, that of the homo fabulator. I will focus specifically on the seeds of this philosophical anthropology of homo fabulator, during the second nineteenth century, which saw the emergence of a new representation of the world, of man and of his place in it, confirming the decline of metaphysics and the rise of the human sciences. These disciplines, which intersect and whose representatives dialogue and debate, quote and translate each others, thus contribute to highlighting the place of fabulation in the functioning of the psyche and of human societies. At the Institut des textes et manuscrits modernes (ITEM), I will use genetic criticism, which is implemented in an interdisciplinary manner, to study the phenomena of the circulation of ideas and the translation of texts (central to the University Research School Translitterae, of which ITEM is a part) that preside over the development of a rich intellectual and philosophical debate in late 19th century Europe. The digital humanities will complete this approach and will allow me to master and unify a vast corpus in order to show the profound coherence of this pivotal moment in the history of ideas. The originality of my approach lies in a triple reversal. 1) Historical, through the attention I give to the second nineteenth century. This attention is opposed to both the overly exacerbated focus on hyper actuality, which blinds us to the processes that made it possible, and to the overwhelming weight of German idealism of the early 19th century in the history of philosophy, which obscures the decisive importance of the following decades. 2) Disciplinary, through the interdisciplinary approach I propose to adopt in studying the many academic fields claiming the status of human sciences. The pronounced empirical orientation of these disciplines contributes to forging a completely new image of human nature and its faculties of knowledge, which accompanies and ratifies the decline of the illusory representations previously conveyed by religion and metaphysics. 3) Philosophical, insofar as the upheaval which, in the wake of the Kantian revolution, crystallised in the second half of the 19th century, saw the radical questioning of what had been the object of the whole history of philosophy: the quest for truth, in favour of an investigation into the conditions of possibility of illusion, henceforth conceived as primary. The unifying philosophical theory that I propose, based on an interdisciplinary approach, will thus endeavour to offer the archaeology of an epistemological regime that is dominant today by situating it in the intellectual context of its emergence. The proper understanding of our modernity in crisis and of the relationship that human beings have with the world around them is at stake.

Life is made of molecular interactions, therefore probing molecules’ interactions at their native size, and in their natural environment, is the Holy Grail in biology. Yet, reaching such a high-level spatial resolution in living biological systems is extremely difficult. Towards that end, a large repertoire of super-resolution techniques have been developed in the last decades, however mostly focused on fluorescence microscopy: itself invasive, potentially perturbative, and, most importantly, leaving open many questions related to the larger population of molecules that are not labelled. Coherent Raman Scattering (CRS) microscopies have emerged as an alternative solution due to their high-speed character combined with label-free molecular-level chemical imaging capabilities. Nevertheless, CRS techniques are still far from reaching far-field super-resolution that is truly label-free, in particular for scattering specimens. Recently, we have developed a computational super-resolution CRS microscopy framework that is general, in the sense that it could be applicable to any CRS method. In COCOhRICO, we aim at extending this framework to enable fast far-field Raman nanoscopy, that is, to go beyond the 100 nm spatial resolution and for imaging within tissues and inside single cells. Our method relies on exploiting high nonlinearity of the structured illumination patterns, in order to readout high spatial frequency information of the specimen spectrum, typically lost in a conventional CRS microscope. For that, we exploit random structured illuminations, i.e. speckle patterns, that are robust against scattering and aberrations, and are furthermore easy to implement. While our current laser source only allowed for microscopy-only experiments, the new optical layout proposed in COCOhRICO will allow for extending the recent framework to microspectroscopy regimes. Such a setup, with improved chemical selectivity and sensitivity, will require also novel algorithm developments, and we plan to exploit speckle correlations and chemical sparsity priors for that. These tools are developed to tackle open-questions in challenging phytoplankton, in particular to unravel the internal chemical composition of diatoms. Because of diatoms’s small sizes, and inherent scattering exoskeleton (frustule), high-speed and scattering-resistant super-resolution methods are needed. We aim at exploiting the developed framework to address emerging questions in diatoms: what is the internal chemical composition of the organelles and how do they change with physical and chemical environmental changes. The answers provided COCOhRICO’s methods will have a wide impact in industrial use of phytoplankton and on Earth’s biogeochemical behavior. Finally, the outcomes of COCOhRICO paves the way to reach far-field super-resolution nanoscopy compatible with scattering specimens, therefore enabling answers to questions in systems where exogeneous labelling is challenging, or even prohibitive.

Our project addresses the contemporary changes in work and employment considered globally. To do this, he relies on a particularly evocative case: that of the region of Tangier located at the gates of Europe, opposite Gibraltar. This region has been experiencing an exponential rise in industrial wage-earning over the past twenty years, associated with strong migration movements, both internal and external to Morocco, and the establishment of "free zones" where many large international companies have settled, particularly in the automotive sector: equipment manufacturers, as well as the Renault manufacturer. This development is currently expanding, including the Peugeot manufacturer who moved to Kenitra, further south. Our project is based on first inquiries, which allowed us to draw up the general framework of the project, by identifying the economic and social constraints that weigh on this development and by identifying the wage and industrial model specific to the free zones of the region of Tangier. We now intend to develop a second, more anthropological part of the research, in order to appreciate more finely the scope and the limits of this movement of salarization, lived by the employees whom we interviewed as the access to a "new world". It is about understanding the impact of this experience on employees' lives, their individual and collective learning and the social horizons they envisage. We will be able then to interpret this "new world" and question the durability of this wage installation, and the way in which it redesigns the perspectives maintained with respect to the work, the family, the couple, the citizenship, but also to Europe and migration. What is this new form of globalization of work inventing at the gates of Europe? Are these jobs perceived, valued and invested as waiting positions, for want of better, temporary springboards, substitutes of Europe, or are their forms (salary, time, civil, interactional, etc.) invested more sustainably? This will include studying to what extent the new industrial "habitus" transform the social representations of the populations concerned in other spheres of their lives that the actual plant. In this respect, it will be necessary to consider in a differentiated way the destinies male and feminine, but also their crossing and their combination through the matrimonial choices of the ones and the others. Complementary research in areas of emigration to Tangier such as Oujda or in areas close to the Tangier model, such as Kenitra, will allow us to identify more generally the general dynamics at work in Morocco, which seems to be today one of the places where is invented a new wage-earning, which must be seized at the scale of the globe