Tuberculosis (TB) is a worldwide problem and has remained the largest global infectious killer known. In addition drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) continues to rise, limiting the ability to treat the disease, and is part of the research priority to understand and push back against antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The predominant bacteria associated with human TB is Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In the UK over 4000 new cases of TB are recorded annually but in other countries the burden of disease is much higher. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium is a member of a larger group of related bacteria, the Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex (MTC), that preferentially infect other mammals but some of the other MTC members can also cause TB in people. Concern in the UK and elsewhere around bovine TB is partly driven by the risk it poses to human health but in recent epidemiological studies in Asian and South-East Asian countries, a relatively poorly studied member of the MTC, Mycobacterium orygis, has been identified as an increasingly predominant cause of TB in both cattle and wild animals. There is concern that M. orygis is beginning to replace M. bovis as the major cause of zoonotic TB in humans, a major new challenge to the control of TB worldwide. Relatively little is known directly about M. orygis as a pathogen and there is an urgent need to explore its biology to learn more about how it causes disease and what the reasons are for its emergence. In this project we will compare M. tuberculosis, M. bovis and M. orygis to ascertain how the differences among them lead to their success as causes of TB disease in farmed animals and in people. An added concern is that M. orygis already appears somewhat resistant to the drugs currently used to treat TB so a particular dimension of our project will look at the way in which drug resistance works and how this may be circumvented to give effective control. This scientific project makes use of complementing scientific strengths in India and the UK and represents a critical component in the ongoing drive against TB and AMR in order to develop more effective TB control strategies.

From Excalibur to the Nibelungen, objects thrown into water have exercised the poetic and popular imagination, and finds from wet contexts represent a major archaeological research theme. However, for the Roman period, progress has been hampered by both theoretical and methodological issues. Our project will bring together approaches currently taken by German scholars, who usually favour 'rational' explanations for Roman river finds (such as rubbish disposal or accidental loss) and British archaeologists, who generally lean towards votive deposition. Regarding previous work, there are regional overviews available for Germany but not for Britain, while the UK applicants recently produced the first publication of an entire riverine assemblage from Piercebridge in direct comparison with finds from a nearby settlement, highlighting how deposition on land and in water varied. We will apply lessons learned at Piercebridge to one of the largest and most significant riverine assemblages in the Roman world at Trier, a major urban centre with a sequence of well-documented bridges. Thousands of objects were retrieved by private collectors during periods of low water (1970s-90s), but only the most spectacular were published, skewing interpretation. For Britain, we will produce the first overview of all riverine finds, exploring the impact of changing river channels, associations with river crossings and comparing selected assemblages to nearby material on land. We will further contextualise the British riverine material by comparing it to finds in springs and bogs and to the distribution of water deities. Trier also provides an exceptional opportunity to examine, for the first time, the motives of collectors. For river finds of all periods, there is very little information on the circumstances of recovery and the finders. Archaeologists in Germany have long distrusted amateurs as some provide unreliable or even falsifying information but British archaeologists often work closely with detectorists, exploring their motivations and collection biases. We have secured permissions from eight collectors to document their finds and record their practices and motivations during the 1970s 'goldrush' and compare it to the current boom in 'mudlarking' on the Thames. We will develop a new, integrated methodological and theoretical framework to transform research on Roman river finds. The project will shed new light on ancient artefact deposition, votive practices and ritual engagement with past landscapes as well as produce a detailed social history of riverine collecting - findings relevant to all archaeological periods.

Urdu is spoken by 230 million people globally (Urdu, 2022) and written in the complex PersoArabic script style of Lahori Nasta'liq. This script style renders so poorly online that communities are forced to romanise Urdu or share images of text. Such tactics threaten both an essential aspect of Urdu's reading culture and disenfranchises Urdu users across the world from communicating with each other online. Using Lahori Nasta'liq as a case study, my project proposes an interventional framework through which digital technologies can be adapted to support the typographic complexity of non-Latin scripts in online spaces. This project is based on the proposition that a culturally sensitive reproduction of a script is intimately tied to concepts of identity, inclusion and belonging, and modernity. This proposal is timely as it contextualises the gaps in existing typesetting technologies within broader discussions of communal identity. Urdu is Pakistan's official language. Nearly all genres of Urdu documents, from road signage to children's books and newspapers are typeset in Lahori Nasta'liq. Printed Urdu in Lahori Nastaliq displays a high level of legibility and visual sophistication that is stylistically in tune with native reader expectations. This sophistication is absent in Lahori Nasta'liq text online. Web technologies are slowly moving towards internationalisation, but they retain a Eurocentric bias, primed to best support the Latin script. No open web typographic framework takes as its foundation a non-Latin script. This project aims to actively challenge existing models of readability by providing an opportunity for websites in global scripts to be designed and built according to conventions that support the natural characteristics of each script. My research provides the missing link between the distinct research streams of typography, print studies and software engineering. My study investigates how Urdu users' expectations for Lahori Nastaliq are shaped through Urdu's print history and culture, and how that typographic identity can be maintained through web-based interventions. The primary research question is: How can web technologies be creatively adapted to reflect the typographic sophistication present in Lahori Nasta'liq's print culture? Related secondary questions are: 1. How has Nasta'liq's modern typographic identity been influenced by Urdu manuscripts, and lithographs? 2. What typographic conventions are culturally significant for Urdu readers? 3. How do web technologies fail at supporting Lahori Nasta'liq requirements? 4. How does the absence of Nastaliq typographic conventions on Urdu websites impact user experience?

Advances in medical and social care has resulted in greater life-expectancy and an increasingly aging population across communities (1). However, dementia syndromes pose a significant risk to the life-expectancy, health, and wellbeing of aging communities, as well as their families (2, 3). Dementia syndromes include many neurodegenerative disorders characterised by progressive cognitive decline over and above normal aging, such as Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. An estimated 50 million people are currently living with dementia, projected to increase to 152 million by 2050 (4). No cure currently exists but promising interventions have been developed to slow progression (5) and prevent dementia in the prodromal stages (6). Therefore, accurate and reliable methods of detecting dementia syndromes in their prodromal stages is paramount. As well as memory deficits (7), individuals in the prodromal stages of many dementia syndromes exhibit language deficits (8, 9, 10). However, these language deficits are diverse and the underlying cognitive mechanisms remain unclear. Central to theories of language comprehension and production is the view that language is represented hierarchically (11). Words are grouped into phrases that are embedded in higher-order phrases, allowing us to form hierarchical dependencies between parts of a sentence despite intervening information (12). Anaphora, that is the use of a word to refer to another, is one such example where successful interpretation is dependent on forming hierarchical dependencies between non-adjacent words. A recent study found individuals with prodromal dementia were impaired producing anaphoric sentences that allow coreference compared to healthy controls (13). For example, "He triggered the alarm when the ambassador saw the intruder", where 'he' could refer to 'the ambassador' or someone else in the discourse. This may suggest that individuals with prodromal dementia have difficulties tracking multiple hierarchical dependencies in language. However, no research has yet evaluated this cognitive mechanism in this population. Recent research has also aimed to identify reliable biological markers of the prodromal stages of dementia. Dementia is characterised by progressive neurodegeneration, causing atrophy and deterioration of functional networks in the brain (14). Functional connectivity is a suitable candidate to detect early stages of dementia, as deterioration of functional connectivity precedes structural changes (15). Synchronous neural activity is thought to facilitate the activation and coordination of

My principal research question concerns how popular memory, public histories and suffrage campaigners' self-memorialisation have addressed the complex relationships between feminism, suffragism, race and imperialism in the UK in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. My research should shed fresh light on how academic and public histories of race, empire and gender influence one another. At a time when so-called 'culture wars' form a significant part of political discourse, this is an important question. This research is timely and significant for several reasons. The ways in which public history presents suffrage campaigners sustains their status as Britain's first feminists, symbolic figures who can appear beyond critical reflection. They are still treated as inspirational figures: Extinction Rebellion claim to be inspired by the suffragettes, whom they bracket alongside US civil rights campaigners, and the Fawcett Society sees itself as the inheritor of Fawcett's legacy. However, contemporary UK feminism is embroiled in longstanding, difficult debates about whether it benefits Black and Asian-heritage women or is just another form of white supremacy/saviourism, positing minoritised women as victims in need of help. It is difficult to understand these debates without considering how public histories of feminism have engaged with suffragists' uses of race and imperialism. Following the 2020 murder of George Floyd, numerous British organisations, from the Church Commissioners to the National Trust, reflected on their historic connections with the Atlantic slave trade, race and empire. Educational institutions discussed de-colonising curricula; museums re-considered the content and presentation of collections. These actions have been strongly contested, as the 'culture wars' directly engage public history and history teaching. The centenary of the 1918 Representation of the People Act fell just before this period of debate about Britain's imperial legacy, so was largely insulated from it. The centenary generated a substantial number of public history interventions. Some of this material remains available online, or can be uncovered through interviews with those who created it. Critical questions to explore include: - how relationships between UK campaigners and those in Britain's empire were addressed; - the extent to which these public history projects addressed the role of Asian-heritage women in UK suffrage campaigns; and - the approaches taken to the roles of race and empire in UK suffrage discourses.