A primary goal of experimental neuroscience is to dissect the neural microcircuitry underlying brain function, ultimately to link specific neural circuits to behavior. There is widespread agreement that innovative new research tools are required to better understand the incredible structural and functional complexity of the brain. To this aim, optical techniques based on genetically encoded neural activity indicators and actuators have represented a revolution for experimental neuroscience, allowing genetic targeting of specific classes of neurons and brain circuits. However, for optical approaches to reach their full potential, we need new generations of devices better able to interface with the extreme complexity and diversity of brain topology and connectivity. This project aspires to develop innovative technologies for multipoint optical neural interfacing with the mammalian brain in vivo. The limitations of the current state-of-the-art will be surmounted by developing a radically new approach for modal multiplexing and de-multiplexing of light into a single, thin, minimally invasive tapered optical fiber serving as a carrier for multipoint signals to and from the brain. This will be achieved through nano- and micro-structuring of the taper edge, capitalizing on the photonic properties of the tapered waveguide to precisely control light delivery and collection in vivo. This general approach will propel the development of innovative new nano- and micro-photonic devices for studying the living brain. The main objectives of the proposals are: 1) Development of minimally invasive technologies for versatile, user-defined optogenetic control over deep brain regions; 2) Development of fully integrated high signal-to- noise-ratio optrodes; 3) Development of minimally invasive technologies for multi-point in vivo all-optical “electrophysiology” through a single waveguide; 4) Development of new optical methodologies for dissecting brain circuitry at small and large scale

The aim of this proposal is to study the transition between the scalar an vectorial regimes of light-matter interactions and show that its knowledge can be used to create a chirality-discriminating device. For that, the scalar-vectorial transition will be studied for three conceptually different nanostructures. The study will be carried out with a technique developed by the ER: vortex beam-induced circular dichroism. The findings of the study will be given by means of three look-up-tables, one for each kind of nanostructure. These look-up-tables will allow any light-scientist working with similar nanostructures to identify the regime (scalar/vectorial) in which their light-matter interactions are taking place. The results of this project will improve our fundamental understanding of light-matter interactions. This knowledge will add a new dimension into the characterization of complex 2D and 3D nanostructures. To show the potential of this characterization, at the end of the project we will use the look-up-table of a 3D plasmonic vortex to design a device that efficiently discriminates the chirality of molecules. The project has all the ideal elements to fulfill its goals. On one hand, the ER is already a scientific expert in light-matter interactions at the nanoscale. On the other hand, the Plasmon Nanotechnologies group at IIT, with its world-class laboratories and clean rooms provides an extraordinary scientific environment for the ER to develop his career path. In particular, it is expected that the ER learns many different nanofabrication techniques. Thus, thanks to this action, the ER will become a preeminent scientist with a unique set of skills combining nanofabrication, optical manipulation/measurements and simulations/theoretical work. This will place him in an advantageous position to become a world leader in nano-optics. The supervision and expertise of Dr. De Angelis will ensure that these goals are reached.

RONIN aims to develop a training toolkit, embedded in a robot-assisted training setup, for supporting adolescents with developmental disabilities (DDs) in achieving independent adult life. DDs hinder access to formal education for about 4 million children in Europe, which, in consequence, compromises their independence later in life. This poses a huge challenge for the affected individuals, their families, and for society. One of the major issues that impedes achieving independence by individuals with disabilities is insufficient support, focused on training social and cognitive skills crucial for leading independent adult life. RONIN proposes a solution which uses the Embodied Learning approach (via “role-plays” with the robot) and targets skills necessary for attaining independent adult life: independence in (i) self-care; (ii) interaction with others; and (iii) facing stressful situations, such as exams or job interviews. RONIN’s training toolkit includes: the training protocol scripts and objects used in interaction, encoded robot behaviours, and graphical user interface (GUI) for the therapists. Involving a robot in the training has the advantage that users can benefit from a robot mediator which offers a non-intimidating, more predictable and reduced in complexity interaction with less social pressure, compared to interaction with another human. For the therapists, the robot removes the burden of repetitive and lengthy “role-plays”, allowing the therapists to focus on monitoring progress of the training. The work plan of RONIN consists in designing the training protocol scripts and objects, encoding the robot behaviours, developing the GUI, integrating all components in the setup, and testing the efficacy of the training protocols with clinical populations. Should the training prove efficacious, it will revolutionise the way support is offered to adolescents with DD, their families and therapists, and will open a pathway to exploitation.