This project aims at the virtual digital reconstitution of the corpus of Greek manuscripts (about 200 items) that Metrophanes III, Patriarch of Constantinople, collected in the 16th century at the library of the Monastery of the Holy Trinity (on the island of Halki near Istanbul). The core of this collection is now in the Ecumenical Patriarchate in Istanbul, while a significant portion was dispersed in the second half of the 16th century, especially by Western travellers in search of Greek manuscripts, and is currently to be found in various libraries in Europe and North America. In addition to the value of this collection in its own right — still unknown to the scientific community —, the library of the Holy Trinity is an excellent case study. It is significant in being one of the few ancient Eastern Mediterranean libraries which can be reconstructed fairly accurately, both in terms of the state of the original collection and its history between the 16th and 20th centuries. This is due to the existence of inventories of the period, Western travel accounts mentioning the library, and notes of ownership on the manuscripts themselves. To carry out the complex task of reconstructing this corpus, it is necessary to develop and create a network of tools adapted to the analysis of Greek manuscripts and the history of ancient libraries. Central to this digital network is the online database Pinakes, developed at the Institut de recherche et d’histoire des textes (IRHT), which lists all the Greek manuscripts currently existing in libraries around the world and provides for each of them indications of content, elements of codicology and bibliographical references. The project involves the development of this database by providing improvements and adding to it the specific tools needed for the project (a module specifically designed for online cataloguing of Greek manuscripts, a digital tool for editing inventories of libraries, a digital library of images of manuscripts). The second task will be to create links between Pinakes and other online resources on Greek manuscripts, in order to create an international network of these resources. At the completion of the project, the library of the Holy Trinity will be virtually reconstructed in several ways. A website dedicated to the project will provide the possibility to view online the images of the manuscripts, in addition to giving a historical presentation of the library. This will comprise those manuscripts currently in the Ecumenical Patriarchate in Istanbul and those that are to be found in other institutions around the world. This will give a wide audience the opportunity to appreciate the exceptional richness of this collection and enhance the Christian heritage still present in Turkey. The catalogue and the Pinakes database will provide scientific information on the contents of these manuscripts, their physical description, and their history, as well as a wide range of possibilities for browsing (with links to manuscripts similar in content, history, copyists, etc.. but also to additional online resources being developed by the international partners involved in the project). The reconstruction will be accompanied by a study of the historical context that saw the birth and historical development of this library. Its history will be traced through the publication and study of ancient inventories and Western travel accounts. The project will produce a high performing network of digital tools. A survey will be undertaken to assess their potential for application to other collections of Greek manuscripts that were dispersed in modern times. The partners of this project, the Greek Section of IRHT and Laboratory of Paleography of the University of Crete, intend to create a new impetus in a field of study relatively neglected until now, the history of Greek libraries which remained in the Ottoman Empire, and especially in Istanbul, after the fall of Constantinople in 1453.

Montaigne à l'oeuvre/ Montaigne at Work The BVH (Bibliothèques Virtuelles Humanistes) team of the Centre d’Études Supérieures de la Renaissance (CESR: University of Tours and CNRS), has been putting Renaissance works online since 2003, both in textual and image mode. Conceived in collaboration with the IRHT and the Ecole de Chartes, the MONLOE project (Montaigne à l'œuvre / Montaigne at Work) represents the first phase of a multi-format electronic publication programme aimed at compiling an “authors' corpus” intended for a wide audience (researchers, students, secondary school teachers, amateurs). The Montaigne corpus will eventually incorporate all the principal editions of The Essays, the diachronic copy known as the “Bordeaux copy” (annotated by Montaigne in view of a later edition), all the documents featuring Montaigne's signature (conserved in diverse public and private libraries around the world), all his other written works and a selection of the major sources of The Essays. Furthermore, it will include a 3D reconstruction of Montaigne's personal library and an audio version of The Essays. For the time being, priority will be accorded to the principal editions of The Essays, their facsimiles and the Bordeaux copy. Already a rich and complex undertaking in itself, it may be hoped that the online publication of these works will form the basis of considerable future development. Inspired by the “Montaigne Library of Gilbert de Botton”, legated to the University of Cambridge in 2008, the international and collaborative project that is “Montaigne at Work” aims at developing the study of literary creative processes through the transcription and encoding of works in XML (eXtensible Markup Language). This enterprise promises to shed considerable light on Montaigne's compositional methods, the additions, corrections and modifications introduced in source texts and compilations, his practise of intervening, the invention of the “essay” and the most significant concepts contained in The Essays (“human condition”, “doubt”, “prudence”, “inscience”, “good faith”, “fantasy”, “que sais-je”, etc.). At the heart of the project, the e-publication of different strata of the “mixed” document (printed and hand-written) that the Bordeaux copy represents will be managed by the integral transcription of chapters structured according to the diachronic shifts. This will involve processing the graphic variation of both Montaigne's hand-writing and the different observable orthographic practises, as well as appropriate linguistic processing: lemmatisation and querying of heterographs, associated with research on lexical configuration. Both an intellectual and a technical challenge, this project will underline the value of this exceptional part of literary heritage, notably through the visualisation of the time-scale of the composition of The Essays, the recognition of the particular status of additions and revisions (published or hand-written), together with the script visualisation that this implies, and the compilation of a philosophical lexicon in the vernacular. A vital part of the global BVH programme, the MONLOE project will use both existing resources and developing methodological approaches to explore new procedures in digital humanities: page by page parallel display of texts and images; annotated textual corpora, permitting several levels of analysis and querying; identification of Montaigne's various “hands”; visualisation of lexical configurations as well as strata. The procedures developed for the recognition of hand-writing and the processing of textual data, as well as the data resulting from the project, will be freely disseminated and thus re-employable by other teams.

During the last century, WHO have led public health interventions that resulted in spectacular achievements such as the worldwide eradication of smallpox and the elimination of malaria from the Western world. However, besides major successes achieved in control of infectious diseases, most elimination/control programs remain frustrating in many tropical countries where specific biological and socio-economical features have prevented implementation of disease control over broad spatial and temporal scales. Emblematic examples include malaria, dengue, yellow fever, measles and HIV. There is consequently an urgent need to develop affordable and sustainable disease control strategies that can target the core of infectious disease transmission in highly endemic areas. Although on the one hand most pathogens are resistant to elimination, on the other hand, paradoxically, human activities are major drivers of the current high rate of extinction among higher organisms through alteration of their ecology and evolution, i.e., their "niche". During the last decades, the accumulation of ecological and evolutionary studies focused on infectious diseases has shown that the niche of a pathogen holds more dimensions than just the immune system targeted by vaccination and treatment. Indeed, it comprises various intra- and inter- host levels at very different spatial and temporal scales. This project aims to shift from disease control to reverse conservation biology of pathogens in order to devise new public health strategies. Our objective is a qualitative understanding of the “niche” of two different pathogens at a fine spatial scale, Plasmodium falciparum in Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina-Faso) and Dengue virus in Kâmpóng Cham (Cambodia), through a trans-disciplinary approach mixing ecology of infectious diseases, public health and health economics to carefully tailor mathematical models able to demonstrate how public health strategies could be improved for these diseases control in these areas and potentially drive the pathogens to local extinction. Such public health tools could be thus extended to other areas of interest and other diseases.

The project “La fabrique de l’histoire telle qu’elle se raconte” (the making of History as it tells itself), also known as HISTINÉRAIRES, , has for object the study of the “mémoires de synthèse des activités scientifiques” of the habilitation (HDR) to supervise research submitted in history departments since the early 90s’ to 2010. This yet unexploited material, different from the “travail inédit” which is often published and from the article collection, has become a treasure trove of information about the contemporary historical community. Its examination will enable the establishment of a new sociology of the profession as well as a renewal of contemporary French historiography and its developments, no longer based on the writings of a few well known historians but rooted in a generation’s research paths. It roots from the growing importance of reflexivity among the historian community and relies on the findings of sociology and the history of sciences. The first objective of the project will be to sketch a group portrait of the present-day researchers in history through an analysis of the institutional and intellectual paths. Among the institutional aspects, will be accounted for: the academic path, the time spent teaching in the secondary cycle, the place where the viva was held, the age and gender of the candidate, the members of the jury, the future of the candidate… For the intellectual aspects, data on the volume of production at the time of the viva, the theoretical references made (to social sciences or philosophy), the connections with foreign historiography, the evolution of themes and approaches of research, the inscription into a specific field (cultural history, economical history, social history…), the participation to current historiographical debates, the involvement in community life (answers to the “social demands”, diffusion of knowledge) will be collected. This information will be treated through cartographic and quantitative tools, enabling the establishment of geographical mappings of research and its structuring networks. The second part of the project will investigate how historians interpret their exercise of synthetizing their scientific activities. Whereas some chose to provide a long resume of their accomplishments, others analyzed their personal relationship to the histories they make by sometimes integrating Pierre Nora’s auto-reflexive problematic, which started with his Essais d’ego-histoire. This investigation will reveal the evolution of a still roughly defined exercise. As with the historiographical and/or epistemological debates, the treatment of the data will mostly be qualitative while integrating discourse analyses. This corpus will first be completed and enlightened by oral interviews of HDR tutors, and with a study of its genesis, on April 5th 1988 with the decree on the habilitation to supervise research. The global aim of the project will be to establisha groundbreakingcartography of the community, which would rely on the writings of its members. It is a project of a historiography from below, to use a common term nowadays. From this point of view, the writings’ subjectivity present through the academic canvas, far from being a handicap, will inform research on various institutional and intellectual strategies in action.

Many decisions taken by rational economic agents do not involve markets, but the design of matching and voting procedures, or the use of groups and social networks. The allocation of students to schools, the choice of cases taken up by the Supreme Court or the measure of influence of social agents are all examples of issues which have recently been studied by microeconomic theorists beyond the realm of markets. Moving beyond the strict boundaries of markets and prices, economic theorists now join forces with political scientists, psychologists and computer scientists to better understand the functioning of matching, voting and network institutions. With a few exceptions, theoretical and empirical models of matching, voting and network formation are static. The objective of this project is to develop a new generation of theoretical models of dynamic matching, voting and networks by embedding static decisions in dynamic models represented by Markov processes. The project is subdivided into three sub-projects. Dynamatch is devoted to the study of dynamic matching problems, and will examine multi-stage assignment models with an initial phase of courtship, the assignment of subsidized housing to queuing agents, and of positions in high school and universities to overlapping generations of teachers. Driven by concrete applications in market design, the project involves a dialog with practitioners in social housing and teacher assignment. Dynavote focuses on dynamic voting models, and analyzes the design of multi-stage electoral rules in continuous time, models of optimal apportionment and evolutionary learning of voters over repeated elections. Dynanet is a project on dynamic formation of networks, with applications to networks of influence and networks of innovation. In addition, models of dynamic coalition formation and allocations in cooperative games will be studied in this project. Because dynamic models involve sophisticated behavior on the part of agents, we plan to test the predictions of theoretical models in the laboratory. We plan to implement a series of experiments on school choice, voting and network formation. In the long run, the objective of the project is to advance the research frontier in economic theory, to engineer matching procedures in concrete applications and to cement a community of researchers in France dedicated to matching, voting and network theories.