The aim of the AmateurS project is to write collectively a history of amateurs in science echoing the questions raised by contemporary participatory and citizen science and by sciences in the digital era. This history will take into account new perspectives formulated within the Science Studies and within social and cultural history. Our research is based on two hypotheses: 1° Looking at the past enriches our understanding of the present, by bringing continuities to light as much as by revealing the discontinuities emphasized in most surveys focusing on the 20th Century and on the present. 2° A transdisciplinary approach enhances our understanding of amateur activities in science. This project brings together historians of three scientific fields: two (astronomy and archaeology) are taken into account in many classical historical studies, one (medical sciences) is more original in this perspective, even though it is central in contemporary participatory and citizen science. The project is organized according to 3 research lines (WP) and one transversal theme. WP 1 - Figures of the amateur This WP relies on the production and the interpretation of a database collecting all the French publications (books and periodicals) displaying the word "amateur" in their title, between 1850 and 1950. Two sets (corpus) of sources (texts and images) will be extracted from the database, allowing the team to analyse the whole range amateur practices, the place of scientific activities among these practices, and the scientific fields favored by amateurs. Free access to the database will be granted to scholars and the general public at the end of the project, through a specifically designed digital platform. WP 2 - A subjective history of the amateur's worlds Identities and self definitions will be studied from a perspective "from below". The aim of this WP is to capture the amateurs' point of view on the science they practice, on their own identity as scientists, on their relations with the "professionals" and with other practioners they consider illegitimate. In this WP we will focus on two topics studied at a micro-historical scale: 1° conflicts shifting the boundaries between "amateurs" and "professionals", as well as instances of consolidation of these boundaries; 2° the social worlds and the personal networks of the amateurs. WP 3 - Practices and know-how This WP focuses on the material productions of the amateurs (instruments, experimental devices, scale models, images, etc.). In this WP we focus on the practical gestures and on the know-how which are mobililized by amateurs in the production of material devices, on the uses of these devices and on their circulation among a broader public. Transversal theme : Women as amateurs We will confront the results of our history of amateurs in science with the perspectives developed in the historiography of women in science.

This research project will take a new approach to the study of late-medieval writing practices by combining two fields of study: the governance of medieval states at the regional level and the cultural transfers between regions straddling two sides of a linguistic border. To explore these two strands, the project seeks to analyse the development of scripturality within two contexts: the geopolitical context of territorial principalities within the former Lotharingian space, on the border between the kingdom of France and the Holy Roman Empire (the current Greater Region, Saar - Lor - Lux - Rhineland - Palatinate - Wallonia including the German speaking Community), and the cultural context of the onset of administrative writing and the progressive transition from Latin to the vernacular. The duchy of Lorraine and the county, later duchy, of Luxembourg are at the core of this project. A major part of the project will consist in the edition of princely charters from these two territories from the mid-thirteenth to the last quarter of the fourteenth century. The editorial project will be complemented by a study of the evolution of princely institutions in both principalities in the same period and up to the beginning of the sixteenth century, with the main objective of writing a socio-cultural and comparative institutional history. By combining the edition of texts with research on institutional questions comparative analysis and study of cultural transfers, our approach differs decisively from that of previous studies. It does so at three levels. First, our comparative approach for analysing cultural transfers will allow us to complement the internal history of the state by an external history, highlighting influences between states. Second, alongside the study of princely power proper, we will include the study of urban territorial powers as well as subordinate lordships (nobility, chivalry, monasteries) to determine their contribution in the formation of pre-modern states. Applying thus the concept of governance with its full meaning, our approach will be able to do justice to a range of political actors, whose ‘public’ character has been denied by most of traditional historiography. Third, the project will attach great importance to the symbolic representations of power, which includes coats of arms, seals and coins, genealogies, tombs, the use of vocabulary, diplomatic formulae and external features of charters, etc.). Likewise, the analysis will also encompass the material as well as the mental space of political communication, which not only includes the court, but also treaties, negotiations, and legal arbitrations. A central concept of this study is ‘scripturality’, i.e. the production and use of written documents: ‘writing’ and ‘counting’ are two key processes to govern, to manage land and people. Through their study, historians can explore the reality of medieval power. In their formal aspects, ‘writing’ and ‘counting’ are pervious to cultural transfers (origin of traditions, issues of ‘normalisation’ as a manifestation of the growing public administration, etc.). Far from being reduced to a fixed state of ‘texts’, they bring to light the protagonists and mediators (patrons, recipients, witnesses, scribes, messengers) of an active and complex, political and social communication, of which they carry an ideological discourse. From the perspective of administrative, institutional, and political written productions, the medieval area of today’s Greater Region with its political fragmentation and linguistic border represents one of the best cases to study cultural transfer processes in Europe from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century. The project will provide a deeper understanding of the formation of regional identities – as such always multiple, dynamic, and open to intermutual influences – within the context of medieval statehood. This in turn will allow a better understanding of European culture in its diversity.

The VIORAMIL project addresses the issues of the “violent radicalization of individuals or groups of individuals” that constitutes one of the elements of the first of our main areas of focus : “Security of the citizens, crime and terrorism prevention” of the Challenge 9 “Freedom and security of Europe, its citizens and its residents”. It intends to explore the violence and the militant radicalisation in France from the eighties until today, through an innovative multidisciplinary analysis combining the views of historians, political analysts, sociologists, media specialists and lawyers. This cross-disciplinary study also addresses representations of this radical violence in the opinion and the media. Finally it considers the evolution of their management, upstream as well as downstream (prevention campaigns, police treatment, legal follow-up) by public authorities that have to combine efficiency targets with respect for the relevant legal framework. Within SHS, the set of themes of radicalism lends itself to the combined approach. The paragraph introducing Challenge 9 moreover emphasises the necessary interdisciplinary nature of any reflection concerning global security and calls for an “increased participation from the main players in SHS research”. The VIORAMIL project answers this call. In the spirit of our first focus of the Challenge 9, the project wishes to participate in the strengthening “of the security and of the fight against terrorism” in “identifying and preventing the risks and threats” posed by “the violent radicalization of individual and groups of individuals”. Faced with the risk of the militant violence emanating from different players (small extremists groups, pro-independence groups, religious extremist movements etc.) at various levels (from the overflowing of demonstrations to the planning of attacks), the State must identify these threats and develop strategies of prevention and response. The VIORAMIL project answers this expectation by mobilising, in an original multidisciplinary approach and in a logical collaboration with public authorities, the scientific expertise available through SHS academics specialising in political violence. The final production (unpublished material on militant violence expressed in the form of statistical boards/graphs/maps, analysis of the concerned organizations and of the determiners of the violence in a socio-economic context, political configuration, historical inheritances, media games, gender codes, subtle study of the evolution of the police control and of the legal framework over thirty years) would allow to improve the techniques of detection and management of violent radicalization. It would also allow the definition of models allowing a retreat from violence and militant radicalization that could inspire the social players and the political decision-makers. In accordance with the introductory charter of the Challenge 9, the VIORAMIL project associates “academics partners and end users”, here the public. We have secured the partnership of the National Institute of the High Studies of the Security and Justice (INHESJ), a national public administrative body operating under the supervisions of the Prime Minister that intervenes in the areas of training, studies, strategic monitoring and analysis regarding internal security and justice.

ACTÉPI - French episcopal acta of the Middle Ages: a multi-media edition and analysis Keywords: History, Middle Ages, France, culture, written word, documentary practices, charters, diplomatics, bishops, chanceries, corpus, digital edition, multi-media publication Funding requested: 291 553,56 euros Project start: 1 January 2019 – Project end: 31 December 2022 Partners: CRAHAM (UMR 6573, Caen), POLEN (EA 4710, Orléans), CRULH (EA 3945, Lorraine), ARCHE (EA 3400, Strasbourg), TEMPORA (EA 7468, Rennes) ACTÉPI concerns the episcopal acta of northern France from the middle of the 11th century to the middle of the 13th. It has two main objectives: 1. In the first instance, it will bring together and edit the episcopal acta, currently scattered throughout various archives, of 25 dioceses (around 8000 acta in total), which, unlike in England, have been the object of little historical study in France (only 3 French collections of acta published, compared to 45 in England). Each act will be edited according to critical standards, and will be accompanied by dating information, a summary of the contents in French, a schema of the manuscript tradition, critical notes, and variants. Every edited act will then be encoded in XML-TEI using the E-Cartae program, which will allow for 25 collections to be published, from a single source file, both in print (via the Presses Universitaires de Caen) and online (via the E-Cartae website). One of the project’s aims is to increase the use of the TEI within the academic community. All person and place names mentioned in the acta will be identified and digitally indexed using external XML-TEI files (thesauri), which are those used by Equipex Biblissima and the COSME consortium (TGIR Huma-Num). ACTÉPI will, for the first time, bring together the qualitative approaches typical of critical editions and the quantitative methodology of a database in order to create reliable texts, which are accompanied by all the necessary contextual data. 2. ACTÉPI’s second objective is to use the digital editions of the 25 collections, which can be systematically searched and sorted, to shed light on various issues relating to religious history and that of the written word. The project will explore three lines of enquiry. The first looks to understand better the role played by episcopal chanceries in the documentary change of the long 12th century, which saw a shift from narrative forms to increasingly standardised acts. The external and internal characteristics of the acta will be studied in detail in order to identify those acts produced by the episcopal chanceries, which in turn will allow for the chronological development of the specific practices of these chanceries to be established. The second line of enquiry will attempt to identify the various networks and communities of which the medieval bishops of northern France formed a part. Conversely, it will also look to identify those with whom the bishops came into conflict. This will allow for a better understanding of the bishops’ reforming tendencies and power relations, not just within their diocese, but also their ecclesiastical province and the wider world. Those concepts that shed light on cooperative and hierarchical power structures will also be examined. The third line of enquiry, located at the intersection of the previous two, concerns the nature of documentary power, in particular the synergies and conflicts inherent in textual production, which emerged both within the diocese and the province at a time when societal needs were driving the creation of a market of the written word. The role played by episcopal chanceries in the production of documents for third parties will also be examined, by comparing and contrasting the 25 collections with other archives. The project will also include the creation of a research blog on hypotheses.org, the publication of a collection of translated sources, and an exhibition dedicated to the bishops of Normandy.

This project aims to study on a diachronic way (through Middle and Modern ages), the different original forms of Christianity that were to be found in the « border territories », located on political, religious and linguistic borders, i.e. the lotharingians territories, later on called during the Middle Ages the « inbetween lands » (from the North Sea to Savoy). This territories, along with the Milanese, formed the « catholic Ridge » during the modern era (the border of the catholic influence, between the Protestants in the east and the Catholics in the West). These specificities were asserted often by the historians, but rarely demonstrated, if it is not by case studies. The objective thus is to rethink the explanatory causes and the processes of such a multiplicity and variety of religious experiments, as well as their spread, their successes or failures, while highlighting more efficiently what is due to the circumstances and what is to be credited to the structural phenomenons, linked to the political and religious specificities of these regions. To cover this space and assure a really comparative and transverse approach, an international consortium with 7 historian research teams was established : 4 French teams (the CRULH of Lorraine – coordinator –, the LARHRA of Lyon, the LSH of Besançon, the CREHS of Arras) and 3 foreigners (Transitions of Liège, Institute of history of the University of Luxembourg, History Department of Università degli Studi of Milan). All in all, 37 people are committed in the project, which concerns essentially the history but also assures openings towards the art history and the musicology, to deal with the evolution of the liturgical practices : 12 medievalists, 21 modernists, 2 art historians, 2 musicologists. Given the tremendous size of the region and of the period to be studied, the project will focus on a comparative study of three main topics, by using in particular the methods of the historic anthropology, the gender studies, the prosopography : • The commitment of religious women (specificity of the feminine vocations ; the relations with the male management of the churches ; the feminine writings) : organization of three rounds tables and a final colloquium, with publication of the acts in the form of common synthesis ; three volumes of editions of texts ; on-line publishing and digitalizations of texts ; constitution of a database on these communities. • The pastoral models (episcopal models, formation and skills of the bishops, the organization of the diocesan staff, the legal or liturgical norms’ production, « clericalization » of the Protestant ministers) : organization of three round tables and a final colloquium with publication of the acts ; constitution of a prosopographical database on the episcopal staff (14th-17th c.). • Devotions and politics (promotion and spread of the devotional practices : specific ways of the Marian worship, « political » saints, specific devotion to the angels) : organization of two round tables and a final colloquium with publication of the acts ; one exhibition with realization of a catalog (Museum of sacred art from Fourvière in Lyon) ; on-line edition of an inventory of the editions of a devotion book, "best-seller" during two centuries in the considered region. All the works will give rise to the production of a web site and a global synthesis in the form of a book-atlas, which will contain hundred maps accompanied with long recapitulative notes and with iconography.