Optical clocks are so amazing that they remain accurate to within one second over the age of the universe. Bringing these clocks from the lab to fields offers great opportunities for telecommunications, navigation, sensing, and science. UK's world class optical clock technology within academia and national metrology institute (NPL) provide us with a golden opportunity to take a leading position in this strategic technology. With POSSIBLE we want to seize this opportunity and build up a sovereign capability able to build the world's most advanced quantum clocks which are field deployable. We will deliver a rugged and portable optical clock with an accuracy that approaches the best laboratory clocks. Our work builds upon the past experience and expertise gained through several projects on optical clocks. In POSSIBLE we take the lead and will deliver a 20x more accurate clock in a 3x smaller volume than the current transportable systems. This will be possible by combining the know-how of our world class groups at the University of Birmingham and national metrology institute, NPL. We will demonstrate our clock's usefulness to applications in telecom, geodesy and metrology, and by engaging with end users.

A three year project is proposed to make the advances necessary to allow the exploitation of Computational Fluid Dynamics for the simulation of flight. Flight simulation is based on solving Newton's second law of motion for the aircraft which various forces arising from gravity and aerodynamics, Various simplified models are normally used to represent the aerodynamic forces. The generation of these models can require substantial wind tunnel testing. As an alternative it is possible that computer simulation can be used to generate the necessary data if the simulation itself can be made to execute fast enough. The first part of this proposal is to develop and demonstrate a fast method for data set generation, based on a nonlinear frequency domain method for the Euler equations. A nonlinear frequency domain method will be implemented to allow the rapid generation of datasets for current flight dynamics simulations. Further the CFD simulation will be used to directly provide the aerodynamic forces to Newton's second law, allowing a general treatment of the aerodynamic forces without the simplifications which can be inherent in simpler approaches. The directly coupled simulation is however computationally very expensive and is likely to be necessary only for extreme manoeuvres. These two approaches will be evaluated both for moderate and extreme manoeuvres. A dataset from the MoD will be used for initial validation of the CFD predictions, followed by a generic Hawk trainer model and concluding with the proposed FLAVIIR demonstrator vehicle. Close collaboration with flight dynamics experts at Cranfield will be exploited to ensure that the work is compatible with current flight simulation practice and that maximum immediate exploitation of the results of the project is made. The cost of the project is 197,911.

Many parts of our society are now heavily reliant on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). Not only are they used to facilitate the supply chains that support our economy, they also enable the movement of goods and people in unfamiliar places, they help maintain power networks, and they support our emergency services and military. It has been shown that 8% of UK GDP relies on satellite enabled navigation, and that a five-day outage would cost £5bn. GNSS does not provide a fail-safe system for determining position. It does not work underground or underwater, it is vulnerable to local weather conditions, and it can be spoofed or blocked. This broad economic reliance on GNSS, combined with its vulnerabilities, means the UK increasingly needs to find robust and secure alternatives to satellite navigation. Because GNSS cannot be relied upon for safety critical positioning on rail networks there is a need for more accurate and reliable positioning systems, particularly on the London Underground. Our team at Imperial College London are developing a new type of hybridised inertial sensor technology that harnesses quantum physics, with the potential to accurately determine position without the need to send or receive signals. In the future trains carrying our quantum enhanced navigation systems may be able to register their position on the network accurately and reliably without the need for significant external infrastructure. We have partnered with Transport for London (TfL), a key stakeholder in the civilian mass transit sector, to extensively test our new technology on their trains. With 45% of their network underground they have a need for improved positioning technologies in order to increase capacity, offer greater reliability and provide a safer experience for all. In this project we are going produce a more precise and more stable hybrid inertial sensor, which we will ruggedise and deploy through field trials on the TfL network. This represents a critical step in translating quantum sensors from the laboratory into quantum technologies that can bring about societal benefits.

MISTIQUE will accelerate the practical benefits of quantum sensors for society. It will derive its research program from the innovation needs of future transport systems and lay the physics and engineering foundations for practical deployment in the real world. MISTIQUE will address the need for solutions providing accurate navigation and timing without the use of satellite navigation services, or when these are unusable for periods of time. While satellite navigation services are immensely successful and readily available to everyone in their smartphones and cars, they have one significant drawback in their vulnerability to disruption. Such disruption by natural solar activity, or manmade jamming and spoofing devices has become a threat to our critical national infrastructure and our ability to navigate. Quantum sensors can in principle provide an extremely resilient solution to this challenge, however they still are too bulky, costly and sensitive to be routinely operated on a moving platform. MISTIQUE will build upon the successes of the UK National Quantum Technology Hub in Sensors and Timing and hone in on the critical research challenges, which will allow the deployment of quantum sensors on moving platforms, ranging from marine vessels to aeroplanes in the first instance. This will provide the seed-corn to a larger research programme across civil and defence applications. It will provide the UK with small, cost-effective, robust and resilient solutions to critical national infrastructure, such as communication, energy and transport networks, land and water management as well as border control and instil the respective knowledge into the national supply chain.

An increasingly important trend in the design of real-time and embedded systems is the integration of applications with different levels of criticality onto a common hardware platform. At the same time, these platforms are migrating from single cores to multi-cores and, in the future, many-core architectures. Criticality is a designation of the level of assurance against failure needed for a system component. A mixed criticality system (MCS) is one that has two or more distinct levels. A number of application domains, such as automotive and avionics, and EU initiatives (for example Horizon2020) have identified Mixed Criticality as a key issue in future systems. The fundamental research question underlying these initiatives is: how, in a disciplined way, to reconcile the conflicting requirements of 'partitioning' for (safety) assurance and 'sharing' for efficient resource usage. This question gives rise to theoretical problems in modelling and verification, and systems problems relating to the design and implementation of the necessary hardware and software run-time controls. This project addresses both the theoretical and related systems questions. A many-core platform with a scheduled communications medium is the designated platform on which multiple applications (perhaps composed of what are often called 'system of systems') are to be hosted. The isolation of components with different criticality levels is crucial, but the processor interconnects must be shared and be able to transmit messages with different criticality levels. Moreover, applications with different criticality levels must be able to exchange data in a demonstrably safe way. A defining property of MCS is that the different means of assurance (for each criticality level) give rise to different values for the component's key parameters such as worst-case execution times and worst-case transmission times. In general, the higher the criticality level, the more conservative are the assumptions made about these values. Hence the context (system criticality level) will determine the parameters that must be used to verify (via scheduling analysis) that each core and each inter-connect will perform as required by the temporal constraints of each application. The development of criticality-aware analysis is needed for these systems. Although total isolation with rigid time-triggered global scheduling is a possible architectural structure, significantly greater resource utilisation and hence reduced power consumption is possible if trade-offs are made between the overall system criticality level and assumptions about each component's run-time behaviour. For example, we require that: in a dual-criticality systems all applications will meet their timing constraints if all components are constrained by (rely on) their low criticality assumptions, but all high-criticality applications must also meet their deadlines if any component exhibits high-criticality behaviour (i.e. the low criticality assumptions can no longer be relied upon). Previous work (in York and in a number of other international research centres) has explored this trade-off for single processor systems. This project will focus on many-core platforms to: (i) develop the appropriate scheduling schemes (on the cores and interconnects), (ii) derive verification procedures for MCSs, (iii) explore the theoretical bounds of the developed schemes (to show to what extent resource usage and power consumption are improved over a full partitioned system), (iv) develop the necessary run-time controls (to manage the sharing of communication media between the criticality levels), and (v) demonstrate the developed theory via simulations, a FPGA test-bed and an industrially relevant case study.