For three decades now, the indigenous societies in Amazonia have been playing an increasingly active role on the political spectrum. Their organizations come are involved in national politics, and their leaders offer some of the highest representation of the state, without ever abandoning their primary role in the majority of so-called “environmental” conflicts which have shaken the region. However, their motivations and political projects remain ambiguous, full of complex rhetoric. This project aims to analyze this phenomenon, which goes beyond the regional framework to become an issue at a global level, while trying to highlight the specificities of each country in the region and the way in which they exceed the boundaries of politics. This project also aims to analyze the historical and social logic that these processes stimulate within the indigenous communities of different cultural values. In particular, three main focal points will be addressed: (1) What seems particularly interesting is how the Amazonian societies manage to construct political representation while simultaneously undertaking formal electoral processes (town, province, representation in Congress, etc.), and there are non-governmental activists whose orientations are sometimes radically contrary to those promoted by the Government. (2) The manner in which each Amerindian people is involved in politics varies depending on cultural, historical, and social logic appertaining to each group. Two issues will be addressed: (2.1) The methods of exercising the different political styles emanate from the various forms of kinship and social organization, political legitimacy, and indigenous ritual practices partially understood through anthropology. (2.2) This project also seeks to reveal these styles and historical substrates which explain them, as well as the developments and disturbances produced within these societies as a result of their contemporary political participation. (3) Politicization and the merging of modernity and tradition as expressed in the political field occur in parallel to the recent wave of urbanization of the Amazonian people. More and more indigenous people are migrating to urban centers in the Amazonian provinces, and from there they head to the major conurbations of the region. Frequent round-way trips between the cities and the forest result in the emergence of new institutional forms which must be examined. The three previous points should be addressed using two main research approaches. (a) Issue of conflict: The first involves a study of socio-environmental conflict as a situation for reviewing action and political discourse. The Amazonia is extremely important for the biodiversity of the planet and for reducing global warming. On the other hand, it must now contend with the extraction of oil and mineral resources, as well as hydroelectric dam projects which endanger its ecological wealth and diversity. Moreover, all of these territories are occupied by Native American populations which have become political actors with regard to multilateral policy. (b) Regional studies: The second approach focuses on a comparative study of the regional multi-ethnic collectives. Given the unprecedented development of the Amazonian anthropology over recent decades and the growing number of monographs studies, it is important to encourage comparative research on the various ethnic groups of the societies (Amerindian or otherwise) located in the same Amazonian area.